El Niño and the Southern Oscillation
ثبت نشده
چکیده
During 1877 and 1878 much of China was struck by famine, due to a severe drought. More than nine million people perished. In India, at the same time, more than eight million deaths were attributed to famine also caused by a drought. In many districts, a quarter of the population died. Drought in the same period also caused crop failures, scarcity of food or even famine, in north-eastern Brazil, Egypt, Indonesia, Fiji, Australia, and southern Africa. In other parts of the world, including Ceylon, the Pacific coast of South America, and Tahiti, many lives were lost from unusual storms or extended periods of heavy rain and flood. The El Niño Southern Oscillation, a major pattern of climate variation, links these climatic extremes in different parts of the world; the first major El Niño event for which good records exist was the 1877 event. Subsequent El Niño events have often reproduced the pattern of climate extremes and societal impacts observed in the 1877 event. We now use the phenomenon to make predictions of seasonal climate variations in many parts of the world.
منابع مشابه
Southern Hemisphere extra-tropical forcing: a new paradigm for El Niño-Southern Oscillation
متن کامل
El Niño - Southern Oscillation
El Niño (The Christ Child) is named for the unusual warm current of water flowing south near the coast of Peru whose onset is often felt near Christmas. This mostly regular event has a great effect on the Peruvian anchovy industry, at one time, one of the most productive fisheries in the world. When cold-water upwelling stops reducing the amount of nutrients in the surface waters off the South ...
متن کاملImpact of the Equatorial Atlantic on the El Niño Southern Oscillation
Observations indicate that the Atlantic zonal mode influences El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific, as already suggested in previous studies. Here we demonstrate for the first time using partial coupled experiments that the Atlantic zonal mode indeed influences ENSO. The partial coupling experiments are performed by forcing the coupled general circulation model (ECHAM5/MPI-OM) wit...
متن کاملThe Influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on Caribbean Tropical Cyclone Activity
Caribbean basin tropical cyclone activity shows significant variability on interannual as well as multidecadal time scales. Comprehensive statistics for Caribbean hurricane activity are tabulated, and then large-scale climate features are examined for their impacts on this activity. The primary interannual driver of variability is found to be El Niño–Southern Oscillation, which alters levels of...
متن کاملEl Niño–Southern Oscillation drives North Atlantic Oscillation as revealed with nonlinear techniques from climatic indices
[1] Based on the nonlinear techniques for estimation of coupling between oscillatory systems, we investigate the dynamics of climatic modes characterizing global and the Northern Hemisphere (NH) processes. In particular, indices of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) for 1950–2004 are analyzed. The methods based on phase dynamics modeling and nonlinear ‘...
متن کامل